Role of Resilience in Burden and Perceived Public Stigma among Primary Caregivers of Psychiatric Patients

Authors

  • Farah Saleem MS Scholar, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • Kehkashan Arouj Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Sabir Zaman Lecturer, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-0602
  • Azmat Shaheen Clinical Psychologist/Senior Lecturer, Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital Barakahu, Islamabad, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v2i2.65

Keywords:

Public Stigma, Resilience, Burden, Psychiatric Patients, Caregivers

Abstract

The current study intended to find out the role of resilience on perceived public stigma and burden among primary caregivers of the psychiatric patients. The current study highlighted the psychological health of caregivers. A cross sectional study was conducted in region of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. A total of 250 caregivers participated in the study, whom 125 were male and 125 were female caregivers, age range was 25-60 years (M=31.61, SD=5.93). The data was collected from public and private hospitals.  Three scales were used for data collection. The resilience was measured through Urdu translated resilience scale, public stigma was assessed by using Urdu version of perceived public stigma, and Burden was measured through interview.  The result showed that resilience was negatively associated with burden and perceived public stigma (p< 0.01). Further, the multiple regression showed that resilience acted as moderator between public stigma and burden (? = -1.02, p< .001). The result supported a positive association between public stigma, burden and resilience among caregivers of psychiatric patients.

References

Banyard, V., Hamby, S., & Grych, J. (2017). Health effects of adverse childhood events: Identifying promising protective factors at the intersection of mental and physical well-being. Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 88-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.011

Barker, E. T., Greenberg, J. S., Seltzer, M. M., & Almeida, D. M. (2012). Daily stress and cortisol patterns in parents of adult children with a serious mental illness. Health Psychology, 31(1), 130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025325

Basheer, S., Anurag, K., Garg, R., Kumar, R., & Vashisht, S. (2015). Quality of life of caregivers of mentally ill patients in a tertiary care hospital. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 24(2), 144. https://doi.org/doi: 10.4103/0972-6748.181721 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.181721

Britt, T. W., Greene–Shortridge, T. M., Brink, S., Nguyen, Q. B., Rath, J., Cox, A. L., Hoge, C. W., & Castro, C. A. (2008). Perceived stigma and barriers to care for psychological treatment: Implications for reactions to stressors in different contexts. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(4), 317-335. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.4.317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.4.317

Cassidy, T., Giles, M., & McLaughlin, M. (2014). Benefit finding and resilience in child caregivers. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3), 606-618. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12059

Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., & anxiety. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor?Davidson resilience scale (CD?RISC). Depression, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113

Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614

Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C. P., Schulz, M. S. J. S., coping,, children, r. i., & families. (1996). Thinking about risk and resilience in families. (1st ed). Psychology Press

Dias, R., Santos, R. L., Sousa, M. F. B. d., Nogueira, M. M. L., Torres, B., Belfort, T., Dourado, M. C. N., & psychotherapy. (2015). Resilience of caregivers of people with dementia: a systematic review of biological and psychosocial determinants. Trends in Psychiatry, 37, 12-19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0032

Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., & Gollust, S. E. (2007). Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Medical Care, 594-601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31803bb4c1

Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience. European Psychologist. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124

Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115

Gaugler, J. E., Kane, R. L., & Newcomer, R. (2007). Resilience and transitions from dementia caregiving. The Journals of Gerontology, 62(1), P38-P44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.1.P38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.1.P38

Haddad, P. M., Brain, C., & Scott, J. (2014). Nonadherence with antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: challenges and management strategies. Patient related outcome measures, 5, 43. https://doi.org/doi: 10.2147/PROM.S42735 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PROM.S42735

Hasson-Ohayon, I., Levy, I., Kravetz, S., Vollanski-Narkis, A., & Roe, D. (2011). Insight into mental illness, self-stigma, and the family burden of parents of persons with a severe mental illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(1), 75-80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.04.008

Johansson, A., Anderzen-Carlsson, A., Åhlin, A., & Andershed, B. (2010). Mothers' everyday experiences of having an adult child who suffers from long-term mental illness. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(11), 692-699. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2010.515768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2010.515768

Jonker, L., & Greeff, A. P. (2009). Resilience factors in families living with people with mental illnesses. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(7), 859-873. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20337

Keyes, K. M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Link, B., Olfson, M., Grant, B., & Hasin, D. (2010). Stigma and treatment for alcohol disorders in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172(12), 1364-1372. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq304

Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Frank, J., & Wozniak, J. F. (1987). The social rejection of former mental patients: Understanding why labels matter. American journal of Sociology, 92(6), 1461-1500. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/228672

Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., Sampson, N. A., Jin, R., Druss, B., Wang, P. S., Wells, K. B., Pincus, H. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2011). Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological medicine, 41(8), 1751-1761. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710002291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710002291

Muazzam, A., & Javed, S. (2013). Predictors of caregiver's burden: interplay of physical and emotional health and perceived hope in children with thalassemia and hemophilia. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11(2), 36.

Mulud, Z. A., & McCarthy, G. (2017). Caregiver burden among caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness: Testing the moderation and mediation models of resilience. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 31(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2016.07.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2016.07.019

Murtaza, G., Sultan, S., Ahmed, F., & Mustafa, G. J. J. A. E. B. S. (2016). Exploring construct validity of Resilience Scale in Pakistani youth. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 6, 79-83.

Mustafa, A. B., & Zafar, U. (2015). Frequency of family burden among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Sheikh Zayad Medical College, 6, 853-856.

O'Rourke, N., Claxton, A., Kupferschmidt, A. L., Smith, J. Z., & Beattie, B. L. (2011). Marital idealization as an enduring buffer to distress among spouses of persons with Alzheimer disease. Journal of Social Personal Relationships, 28(1), 117-133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510386135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510386135

O’Rourke, N., Kupferschmidt, A. L., Claxton, A., Smith, J. Z., Chappell, N., & Beattie, B. L. (2010). Psychological resilience predicts depressive symptoms among spouses of persons with Alzheimer disease over time. Aging Mental Health, 14(8), 984-993. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2010.501063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501063

Ong, H. L., Vaingankar, J. A., Abdin, E., Sambasivam, R., Fauziana, R., Tan, M.-E., Chong, S. A., Goveas, R. R., Chiam, P. C., & Subramaniam, M. (2018). Resilience and burden in caregivers of older adults: moderating and mediating effects of perceived social support. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1616-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1616-z

World Health Organization (2010). Mental health and development: targeting people with mental health conditions as a vulnerable group. In Mental health and development: targeting people with mental health conditions as a vulnerable group (pp. 74).

World Health Organization (2021). WHO Pakistan celebrates World Mental Health Day. http://www.emro.who.int/pak/pakistan-news/who-pakistan-celebrates-world-mental-health-day.html#:~:text=On%20World%20Mental%20Health%20Day,Stress%20Management%20Unit%20(CISMU)

Penning, M. J., & Wu, Z. (2016). Caregiver stress and mental health: Impact of caregiving relationship and gender. The Gerontologist, 56(6), 1102-1113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv038

Rodrigo, C., Fernando, T., Rajapakse, S., De Silva, V., & Hanwella, R. (2013). Caregiver strain and symptoms of depression among principal caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 7(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-7-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-7-2

Ruisoto, P., Contador, I., Fernandez-Calvo, B., Serra, L., Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Ramos, F., Rivera-Navarro, J. J. A. o. g., & geriatrics. (2020). Mediating effect of social support on the relationship between resilience and burden in caregivers of people with dementia. Archives of Gerontology Geriatrics, 86, 103952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103952

Scott, C. B. (2013). Alzheimer's disease caregiver burden: Does resilience matter? Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23(8), 879-892. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.803451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.803451

Sikander, S. (2020). A letter from... Pakistan. In: Elsevier Sci Ltd the Boulevard Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB.

Wilks, S. E., & Croom, B. (2008). Perceived stress and resilience in Alzheimer's disease caregivers: Testing moderation and mediation models of social support. Aging Mental Health, 12(3), 357-365. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860801933323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860801933323

Won, H. J. (2012). The impact of social support on caregiver burden in dementia ????? ???].

Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., & Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist, 20(6), 649-655. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/20.6.649 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/20.6.649

Zarit, S. H., Todd, P. A., & Zarit, J. M. (1986). Subjective burden of husbands and wives as caregivers: A longitudinal study. The Gerontologist, 26(3), 260-266. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/26.3.260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/26.3.260

Zauszniewski, J. A., Bekhet, A. K., & Suresky, M. J. (2009). Effects on resilience of women family caregivers of adults with serious mental illness: The role of positive cognitions. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 23(6), 412-422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2008.12.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2008.12.004

Downloads

Published

2021-12-29

How to Cite

Saleem, F. ., Arouj, K. ., Zaman, S., & Shaheen , A. . (2021). Role of Resilience in Burden and Perceived Public Stigma among Primary Caregivers of Psychiatric Patients. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 2(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v2i2.65