Translation and Standardization of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ)

Authors

  • Mishal Javaid MS Scholar, Department of Psychology, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2903-6929
  • Abia Nazim Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8020-9941

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v5i1.263

Keywords:

Exploratory Factor Analysis, Internal Reliability, Social Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety Questionnaire, Urdu Translation

Abstract

Social anxiety refers to an intense fear of evaluation from others in social situations, which in severe cases results in Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) or Social Phobia. The prevalence rate of Social Anxiety is rapidly increasing. So, there is a significant need to study this area and to have valid instruments that can evaluate Social Anxiety and related problems. In Pakistan, clinicians may at times struggle to assess several clinical phenomena as almost all measures are in English language, which a large majority does not understand. Therefore, the present study was designed to translate and standardize the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ) by Caballo et al. (2010) into Urdu Language. The research was done in two phases. The first phase included translation of the scale to Urdu language through the standard procedure of Back translation. The second phase included the standardization of the scale. Exploratory Factor Analysis was done to assess construct validity. Internal consistency was assessed through Cronbach’s Alpha (0.96). The results showed strong reliability and validity of SAQ-Urdu.

References

Ahmad, R., & Bano, Z. (2013). Morbidity of Social Anxiety in Adolescent Students in Pakistan. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 79, 727–731.

American Psychological Association. (2018). Social Anxiety. In APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/social-anxiety

Bravo, M. A., Lecomte, T., Corbière, M., & Heeren, A. (2019). Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults--French version. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t77038-000

Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Arias, B., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010). Measuring social anxiety in 11 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000014

Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Arias, B., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). The multidimensional nature and multicultural validity of a new measure of social anxiety: The Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.07.001

Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Arias, B., Hofmann, S. G. & CISO-A Research Team (2014). Differences in social anxiety between men and women across 18 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.013

Caballo, V. E., Arias, B., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Hofmann, S. G., & CISO-A Research Team. (2015). Psychometric properties of an innovative self-report measure: The Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 997–1012. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038828

Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69–93). Guilford Press.

Cox, B. J., Clara, I. P., Sareen, J., & Stein, M. B. (2008). The structure of feared social situations among individuals with a lifetime diagnosis of social anxiety disorder in two independent nationally representative mental health surveys. Behavior Research and Therapy, 46(4), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.011

Gerlach, A. L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Roth, W. T. (2003). Embarrassment and social phobia: The role of Parasympathetic Activation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(2), 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00197-4

Hughes, A. A., Heimberg, R. G., Coles, M. E., Gibb, B. E., Liebowitz, M. R., & Schneier, F. R. (2006). Relations of the factors of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression to types of social anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44(11), 1629–1641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.015

Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. (2020). Social Anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries. Plos One, 15(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239133

Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R, Merikangas K.R., & Walters E.E. (2005). Lifetime Prevalence and Age of Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593

Lecomte, T., Corbière, M., & Heeren, A. (2019). Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults--French version. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://.org/10.1037/t77038-000

Letamendi, A. M., Chavira, D. A., & Stein, M. B. (2009). Issues in the Assessment of Social Phobia: A Review. Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences , 46(1), 13–24.

Mosarezaee, M., Tavoli, A., & Montazeri, A. (2020). Psychometric Properties of the Persian version of Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults (SAQ-A30). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01457-2

Movahedian, Z., Nadi, M.A., & Pazhoohi, T. (2022). Psychometric Properties of Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults (SAQ-A30) Among University Students. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies, 12(0). https://sid.ir/paper/1121762/en

Tyupa, S. (2011). A Theoretical Framework for Back-Translation as a Quality Assessment Tool. New Voices in Translation Studies, 7, 35-46.

Vriends, N., Meral, Y., Bargas-Avila, J. A., Stadler, C., & Bogels, S. M. (2017). How do I look? Self-focused attention during a video chat of women with social anxiety (disorder). Behavior Research and Therapy, 92, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.02.008

Wagner, M. F., Oliveira, M. D. S., & Moraes, J. F. D. (2017). Factorial analysis of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for Adults. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 69(1), 1–12.

Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Olesen, J., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Faravelli, C., Fratiglioni, L., Jennum, P., Lieb, R., Maercker, A., van Os, J., Preisig, M., Salvador-Carulla, L., Simon, R., & Steinhausen, H.-C. (2011). The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(9), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018

Downloads

Published

2024-03-21

How to Cite

Javaid, M., & Nazim, A. (2024). Translation and Standardization of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ). Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 5(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v5i1.263

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024): Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology

Section

Original Articles

Categories

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Mishal Javaid, Abia Nazim

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (https://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-Commercial use, reproduction
and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the Journal website at (https://iprpk.com/ojs/index.php/jpap)