Social Interaction Anxiety, Social Isolation, Self-efficacy, and Depression in Social Networking Users

Authors

  • Shaista Jabeen Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) (FCCU), Lahore, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0487-224X
  • Mamoona Mushtaq Professor, Department of Psychology, Government Graduate College, Township, Lahore, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9624-2116
  • Arfa Ayesha Shahid BS (Hons) Scholar, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Science and Technology, Topi, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0142-4692

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v4i3.223

Keywords:

Depression, Self-efficacy, Social Interaction Anxiety, Social Isolation, Social Networks Users

Abstract

This research was designed to explore the relationship between social interaction anxiety, social isolation, self-efficacy, and depression in men and women using different social networking sites. The study also explored social interaction anxiety as a predictor of social isolation, self-efficacy, and depression in social network users. A sample of 275 social network users (men = 136, women = 139) was employed from public and private sector universities of Lahore and Khyber Pakhtun Khwa (KPK), Pakistan by using a purposive sampling technique. Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Social Isolation Scale, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess the study variables.  Results showed that social interaction anxiety has a significant positive association with social isolation and depression, and a negative association with self-efficacy in men and women using social networking sites (p < .01). Further, multiple regression analysis showed that social interaction anxiety was found to be a significant positive predictor of social isolation and depression. Social interaction anxiety was found to be a negative predictor of self-efficacy among men and women using social networking sites. Some demographic variables such as physical activity, hours of using different social networking sites, and self-reported quality of sleep turned out to be significant predictors of social interaction anxiety, social isolation, self-efficacy, and depression among young adults using social networking sites. Furthermore, gender differences were significant across all the variables. The current findings have practical implications for social networking users, teachers, parents, researchers, policymakers, and information technology professionals.

References

Ahmad, N. Mushtaq, M. Jabeen, S., & Shah, S. (2023). Social interaction anxiety, self-esteem and academic achievement in students from rural Punjab. Journal of Policy Research, 9(1),13-19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7726248

Al-Dwaikat, T. N., Aldalaykeh, M., Ta’an, W., & a Rababa, M. (2020). The relationship between social networking site usage and psychological distress among undergraduate students during COVID-19 lockdown. Heliyon, 6(12), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05695 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05695

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 2020: the official guide to APA style (7th ed.). American Psychological Association

Asher, S., & Paquentt, J. (2003). Loneliness and peer relations in childhood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(3), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.0123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01233

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.

Bandura, A. (2000). Self-efficacy. In A. C. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 212-213). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/10522-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10522-094

Barbosa, B., Chkoniya, V., Somões, D., Filipe, S., & Santos, C. A. (2020). Sempre ligados: Utilização dos smartphones pela geração Y e capital social. Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação, 35, 152-166.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R.A., & Garbin, M.G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5

Beck, A.T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004

Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2020). Facing loneliness and anxiety during the COVID-19 isolation: media, and interpersonal communication. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(2), 101-115.

Chen, H.-T., & Li, X. (2017). The contribution of mobile social media to social capital and psychological well-being: Examining the role of communicative use, friending, and self-disclosure. Computers in Human Behavior, 75(3), 958-965. https://doi/org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.011

Cheng, H. & Furnham, A. (2002). Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2002.0475

Claggett, J.L., & Goodhue, D.L. (2011). Have researchers lost Bandura's self-efficacy concept? A discussion of the definition and measurement of computer self-efficacy. The 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2011.219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2011.219

Datareportal. Digital 2023 Pakistan. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-pakistan

De Jong-Gierveld, J., & Kamphuis, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(2), 289-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662168500900307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168500900307

De-Jong, P., Sportel, B., De Hullu, E., & Nauta, M. (2012). Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: Differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem? Psychological Medicine, 42(3), 475-484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001358

de Visser, O. R., & Mushtaq. M. (2021). Masculinity beliefs and willingness to seek help among young men in the United Kingdom and Pakistan”. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27 (5), 1052-1062.https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1847301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1847301

Doganer, S., & Akoglu, H. E. (2020). The effect of sports science students’ social media addictions on redundant purchasing behavior. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 6(4), 616–626. doi:10.20448/journal.522.2020.64.616.626 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.522.2020.64.616.626

Ernst, C., Olsen, A. K., Pinel, J. P., Lam, R. W., & Christie, B. R. (2006). Anti-depressant effects of exercise: Evidence for an adult-neurogenesis hypothesis. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 31(2), 84-92.

Escobar-Viera, C. G., Shensa, A., Bowman, N. D., Sidani, J. E., Knight, J., James, A. E., & Primack, B. A. (2018). Passive and active social media use and depressive symptoms among United States adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(7), 4370-443. https://doi/org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0668 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0668

Hawi, N. S., Samaha, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Internet gaming disorder in Lebanon: Relationships with age, sleep habits, and academic achievement. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 70-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.16

Hermann, K. S., & Betz, N. E. (2006). Path models of the relationships of instrumentality and expressiveness, social self-efficacy, and self-esteem to depressive symptoms in college students. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(1), 1086-1106. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.10.1086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.10.1086

Iqbal, J., Asghar, M. Z., Ashraf, M. A., & Rafiq, M. (2022). Social media networking sites usage and depression among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating roles of social anxiety and loneliness. Social Media & Society, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221107633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221107633

Jameel, R., Adeeb, S., Latif, S., Mushtaq, M & Jabeen, S. (2022). Social isolation and resilience coping as correlates of mental health in adults during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Medical Sciences Peshawar, 30(3), 176-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52764/jms.22.30.3.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52764/jms.22.30.3.3

Jiang, Y. (2021). Mobile social media usage and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of psychological capital and the moderating role of academic burnout. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(1,) 76-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.612007

Jiao, Y., Jo, M.-S., & Sarigöllü, E. (2017). Social value and content value in social media: Two paths to psychological well-being. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 27(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2016.1264762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2016.1264762

King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2016). The cognitive Psychopathology of internet gaming disorder in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(8), 1635-1645. https://doi/org/ 10.1007/s10802-016-0135-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0135-y

Larson, R. W. (1999). The uses of loneliness in adolescence. In K.J. Rotenberg & S. Hymel(Eds), Loneliness in childhood and adolescence. (pp. 244-262). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551888.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551888.012

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998a). Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00532-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t00532-000

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998b). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36(4), 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6

Meher, K., Mushtaq, M., & Fatima, S. (2022). Death anxiety and well-being in doctors during COVID-19: The explanatory and boosting roles of sleep quality and work locality. Omega, 302228221078074. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222822107807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221078074

Mushtaq, M. Anjum, A., Jameel, R., Shahis, A. A., Dastgir, M. H. A. (2020). Stigma of disability, social interaction anxiety, and self-worth in adolescents with physical disabilities. Journal of Post Graduate Medical Institute. 34 (02), 98-103. https://jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/2582/2393

Ostic, D., Qalati, S. A., Barbosa, B., Shah, S. M. M., Galvan Vela, E., Herzallah, A. M., & Liu, F. (2021). Effects of social media use on psychological well-being: A mediated model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 381-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678766

Phillips, W. T., Kiernan, M., & King, A. C. (2001). Effects of physical activity on physical and psychological health: Implications for exercise adherence and psychophysiological mechanisms. In A. S. Baum, T. A. Revenson, & J. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of health psychology. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Reer, F., Tang, W. Y., & Quandt, T. (2019). Psychosocial well-being and social media engagement: The mediating roles of social comparison orientation and fear of missing out. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1486-1505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818823719

Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: Nfer-Nelson. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t00393-000

Seabrook, E. M., Kern, M. L., & Rickard, N. S. (2016). Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review. JMIR Mental Health, 3(4), 58-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.5842

Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Media use is linked to lower psychological well-being: Evidence from three datasets. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(2), 311-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09630-7

Wang, H., Mo, C., & Fang, F. (2020). Dissociated deficits in attentional networks in social anxiety and depression science, China. Life Sciences, 63(5), 1071-1078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-019-1624-5

Wang, J. L., Sheng, J.-R., & Wang, H.-Z. (2019). The association between mobile game addiction and depression, social anxiety, and loneliness. Frontiers in Public Health, 7(3), 247-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00247

Downloads

Published

2023-09-30

How to Cite

Jabeen, S., Mushtaq , M. ., & Shahid , A. A. . (2023). Social Interaction Anxiety, Social Isolation, Self-efficacy, and Depression in Social Networking Users. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 4(3), 308–322. https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v4i3.223