Interpersonal Support and Social Reflection are the Solution to Internet Addiction: Empirical Evidence

Authors

  • Bushra Naz Assisatnt Professor, Department of Psychology, University of the Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Muhammad Kashif Fida Post Doctoral Fellow, Andrews University, Michigan, USA.
  • Muhammad Zohaib Khan PhD Scholar, Department of Psychology, Government College University (GCU), Lahore, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v4i3.216

Keywords:

Internet Addiction, Interpersonal Social Support, Social Anxiety, Young Adults

Abstract

The use of the internet has become one of the most leisurely activities among young adults all around the world. Growing worries over the extensive student internet usage have prompted heightened research into the determinants of internet addiction and its adverse outcomes. The existing research examined the relationships among interpersonal social support, self-reflection, social anxiety, and internet addiction in young adults. A correlation research design was used in this study. The Interpersonal Support Evaluation, Self-Reflection and Insight Scale, Social Interaction Phobia Scale, and Internet Addiction Test were used to collect data from 150 young adults having an age range 18 to 27 years. The study's results indicated a positive likelihood of a relationship between interpersonal social support and self-reflection. Conversely, an inverse correlation emerged in relation to social anxiety and internet addiction. Regression analysis unveiled interpersonal social support as an inverse predictor, while the duration of internet use in young adults positively predicted internet addiction. Moreover, no significant mean differences were found in interpersonal social support, self-reflection, social anxiety, and internet addiction between male and female young adults. The mediation models demonstrated noteworthy model fit indices and illustrated the mediation of the social anxiety-internet addiction relationship. Additionally, demographic variables (daily internet usage duration and purpose) exerted an influence on the association. The study would be helpful for the parents, institutional counselors, and teachers. if young adults are provided with interpersonal social support from their significant others, then they will not seek it in a virtual medium such as the internet.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Amjad, A., Batool, I., Akhtar, N., Khan, M. Z., & Tariq, S. R. (2023). Emotional Regulation, Self-Compassion, Medication Adherence and Quality of Life in Dermatologic Patients. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 17(2), 341-345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023172145

Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000160

Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive behaviors, 64, 287-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006

Arbuckle, J. (2008). AMOS 17.0 user's guide. SPSS Inc.

Balo?lu, M., Kozan, H. I. O., & Kesici, S. (2018). Gender differences in and the relationships between social anxiety and problematic internet use: Canonical analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(1), 33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8947

Baltaci, O. (2019). The predictive relationships between the social media addiction and social anxiety, loneliness, and happiness. International Journal of Progressive Education, 15(4), 73-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2019.203.6

Bano, Z., Ahmad, R., & Riaz, S. (2019). Social anxiety in adolescents: Prevalence and morbidity. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, 69(5), 1057-1060.

Batool, I., Khan, M. Z., & Tariq, S. R. (2023). Development and Validation of Psychological Capital Scale for Dual Role Individuals: Further Evidence of Psychometric Properties. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 4(2), 82-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v4i2.163

Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., Asmundson, G. J., McCabe, R. E., Rowa, K., & Antony, M. M. (2009). Refining and validating the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale. Depression and Anxiety, 26(2), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20480 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20480

Cevik, G. B., & Y?ld?z, M. A. (2017). The roles of perceived social support, coping, and loneliness in predicting internet addiction in adolescents. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(12), 64-73.

Christiansen, D. M. (2015). Examining sex and gender differences in anxiety disorders. In F. Durbano (Ed.), A fresh look at anxiety disorders (pp. 17-50). Books on Demand. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/60662

Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13(2), 99-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x

Cohen S., Mermelstein R., Kamarck T., & Hoberman, H.M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In Sarason, I.G. & Sarason, B.R. (Eds), Social support: theory, research, and applications (pp. 73-94). The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Niijhoff. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_5

Copersino, M. L. (2017). Cognitive mechanisms and therapeutic targets of addiction. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 13, 91-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.005

Darcin, A. E., Kose, S., Noyan, C. O., Nurmedov, S., Y?lmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2016). Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(7), 520-525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2016.1158319

Dong, B., Zhao, F., Wu, X. S., Wang, W. J., Li, Y. F., Zhang, Z. H., & Sun, Y. H. (2019). Social anxiety may modify the relationship between internet addiction and its determining factors in Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 1508-1520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9912-x

Feng, Y., Ma, Y., & Zhong, Q. (2019). The relationship between adolescents’ stress and internet addiction: A mediated-moderation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02248

Grant, A. M., Franklin, J., & Langford, P. (2002). The self-reflection and insight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 30(8), 821-835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821

Herrero, J., Uruena, A., Torres, A., & Hidalgo, A. (2019). Socially connected but still isolated: Smartphone addiction decreases social support over time. Social Science Computer Review, 37(1), 73-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439317742611

Hickey, G. L., Grant, S. W., Dunning, J., & Siepe, M. (2018). Statistical primer: sample size and power calculations - why, when and how?. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 54(1), 4-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezy169

Hu, L. T., Bentler, P. M., & Kano, Y. (1992). Can test statistics in covariance structure analysis be trusted? Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 351-362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.351

Iftikhar, R., & Malik, F. (2014). Translation and validation of Aggression Questionnaire in a Pakistani children cohort. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 39.

Jaiswal, A., Manchanda, S., Gautam, V., Goel, A. D., Aneja, J., & Raghav, P. R. (2020). Burden of internet addiction, social anxiety and social phobia among University students, India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(7), 3607-3612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_360_20

Kemp, S. (2020, February 18). Digital 2020: Pakistan. Datareportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-pakistan

Khan, M. A., Shabbir, F., & Rajput, T. A. (2017). Effect of gender and physical activity on internet addiction in medical students. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 191-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.331.11222

Knapp, S., Gottlieb, M. C., & Handelsman, M. M. (2017). Enhancing professionalism through self-reflection. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48(3), 167-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000135

Koyuncu, T., Unsal, A., & Arslantas, D. (2014). Assessment of internet addiction and loneliness in secondary and high school students. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 64(9), 998-1002.

Lee, B. W., & Stapinski, L. A. (2012). Seeking safety on the internet: Relationship between social anxiety and problematic internet use. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(1), 197-205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.11.001

Lee, C. S. (2017). Interpersonal emotion regulation: How others help us reduce anxiety and stress. Anxiety.org.https://www.anxiety.org/emotional-support-from-others-buffers-the-effects-of-anxiety-and-stress

Lei, H., Li, S., Chiu, M. M., Lu, M. H. (2018). Social support and internet addiction among mainland Chinese teenagers and young adults: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 200-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.041

Lin, M. P., Wu, J. Y. W., You, J., Chang, K. M., Hu, W. H., & Xu, S. (2018). Association between online and offline social support and internet addiction in a representative sample of senior high school students in Taiwan: The mediating role of self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.007

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and Validation of Measures of Social Phobia Scrutiny Fear and Social Interaction Anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36(4), 455-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6

Milani, L., Osualdella, D., & Di Blasio, P. (2009). Quality of interpersonal relationships and problematic internet use in adolescence. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 12(6), 681-684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0071

Musetti, A., Cattivelli, R., Giacobbi, M., Zuglian, P., Ceccarini, M., Capelli, F., Pietrabissa, G., & Castelnuovo, G. (2016). Challenges in internet addiction disorder: Is a diagnosis feasible or not? Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00842

Naz, B., Batool, S. S., Fida, M. K., & Khan, M. Z. (2022). Construction and Validation of Emotional and Social Distress Scale for Men and Women Diagnosed with Infertility: Further Evidence of Its Construct Validity and Psychometric Properties. Khyber Medical University Journal, 14(3), 147–57.

Naz, B., Fida, M. K., & Khan, M. Z. (2022). Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance of Employees working in the Financial Sector of Pakistan: Job Satisfaction as the Mediator. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 3(4), 403-416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v3i4.124

Naz, B., Fida, M. K., Khan, M. Z., Safdar, A., & Asghar, M. A. (2022). Emotional Intelligence: A Key to Maintain Balance between Work-Life and Job-Satisfaction. Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, 06(03), 74–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36968/JPDC-V06-I03-06

Naz, B., Fida, M. K., Khan, M. Z., Safdar, A., & Asghar, M. A. (2023). Vaccination Readiness of Covid-19 and Generic Conspiracist Beliefs among Young Adults: The Mediated Role of Health and Wellbeing (2023), Annals of King Edward Medical University, 29(02), 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v29i2.5506

Osatuyi, B., & Turel, O. (2018). Tug of war between social self-regulation and habit: Explaining the experience of momentary social media addiction symptoms. Computers in Human Behavior, 85, 95-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.037

Ozawa, T., & Hasegawa, A. (2017). Influence of self-rumination and self-reflection on social anxiety: A four-week longitudinal study. Japanese Journal of Research on Emotions, 25(1), 17-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4092/jsre.25.1_17

Pakistan Telecommunication Authority. (2020, August). Telecom Indicators. https://www.pta.gov.pk/en/telecom-indicators

Poli, R. (2017). Internet addiction update: Diagnostic criteria, assessment and prevalence. Neuropsychiatry, 7(1), 4-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/Neuropsychiatry.1000171

Putri, A. P. S., Poerwandari, E. K., & Ruslib, E. (2018). Social anxiety and internet addiction: CBT intervention module development based on self-reflection. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 135, 396-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/iciap-17.2018.38

Rosenthal, R. J., & Faris, S. B. (2019). The etymology and early history of ‘addiction’. Addiction Research & Theory, 27(5), 437-449. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1543412

Schiemann, S. J., Mühlberger, C., Schoorman, F. D., & Jonas, E. (2019). Trust me, I am a caring coach: The benefits of establishing trustworthiness during coaching by communicating benevolence. Journal of Trust Research, 9(2), 164-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2019.1650751

Seggelen-Damen, I. V. & Dam, K. V. (2016). Self-reflection as a mediator between self-efficacy and well-being. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(1), 18-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-01-2013-0022

Shaw, M., & Black, D. W. (2008). Internet addiction: Definition, assessment, epidemiology and clinical management. CNS Drugs, 22(5), 353-365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200822050-00001

Tan, K. A. (2019). The effects of personal susceptibility and social support on internet addiction: An application of Adler’s Theory of Individual Psychology. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 806-816. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9871-2

Tang, J. H., Chenb, M. C., Yang, C. Y., Chung, T. Y., & Lee, Y. A. (2016). Personality traits, interpersonal relationships, online social support, and Facebook addiction. Telematics and Informatics, 33(1), 102-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.06.003

Tudorel, O. I., & Vintila, M. (2018). The role of social support on Internet addiction. Revista De Asistenta Sociala, 1, 73-78.

Van Ameringen, M., Simpson, W., Patterson, B., Turna, J., & Khalesi, Z. (2018). Internet addiction or psychopathology in disguise? Results from a survey of college-aged internet users. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(6), 762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.10.003

Wang, P., Lei, L., Wang, X., Nie, J., Chu, X., & Jin, S. (2018). The exacerbating role of perceived social support and the “buffering” role of depression in the relation between sensation seeking and adolescent smartphone addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 130, 129-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.009

Wang, Z., Cai, S., Liu, M., liu, D. and Meng, L. (2020). The effects of self-reflection on individual intellectual capital. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 21(6), 1107-1124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-03-2019-0043

Weinstein, A., Dorani, D., Elhadif, E., Bukovza, Y., Yarmulnik, A., & Dannon, P. (2015). Internet addiction is associated with social anxiety in young adults. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 27(1), 4-9.

Wu, H. R., & Zhu, K. J. (2004). Path analysis on related factors causing internet addiction disorder in college students. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 20(11), 1363-1364.

Young, K. (2017). The evolution of internet addiction disorder. In C. Montag, & M. Reuter (Eds.), Internet addiction (pp. 3-18). Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46276-9_1

Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237

Yucens, B., & Uzer, A. (2018). The relationship between internet addiction, social anxiety, impulsivity, self-esteem, and depression in a sample of Turkish undergraduate medical students. Psychiatry Research, 267, 313-318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.033

Zhang, S., Tian, Y., Sui, Y., Zhang, D., Shi, J., Wang, P., Meng, W., & Si, Y. (2018). Relationships between social support, loneliness, and internet addiction in Chinese postsecondary students: A longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1707. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01707

Downloads

Published

2023-09-30

How to Cite

Naz, B., Fida, M. K., & Khan, M. Z. (2023). Interpersonal Support and Social Reflection are the Solution to Internet Addiction: Empirical Evidence. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 4(3), 383–399. https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v4i3.216