Influence of Leadership Styles on Turnover Intentions in Technology Startups

Authors

  • Sheeza Fayyaz MS Scholar, Department of Psychology, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University)/HR Intern, CIRCLE Women Association, Lahore, Pakistan. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1330-9211
  • Saima Majeed Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v6i1.348

Keywords:

Leadership Styles, Organizational Psychology, Technology Startup, Turnover Intentions

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between leadership styles and turnover intentions in technology startups. It was a correlational study that followed the cross-sectional research design. The hypotheses were democratic and laissez faire leadership styles have positive whereas authoritarian leadership styles have an inverse relationship with turnover intentions of the employees. Data was collected from 150 employees and leaders with age ranges from 20 to 40 years within technology startups in Lahore, Pakistan using the non-probability purposive sampling technique. Leadership styles were measured using the Leadership Style Questionnaire (LSQ), while turnover intentions were measured with the Turnover Intention Scale (TIS-6). The results show a nonsignificant correlation between all leadership styles and turnover intentions. Tech startups represent a relatively underexplored population in leadership and organizational behavior literature. Present study tried to expand theoretical frameworks by applying leadership models to non-traditional organizational structures. However, hypotheses were not accepted in the proposed direction. Future research may increase sample size and replicate the study with different populations to see the relationship dynamics.

References

Abdullah, Q. D. L., & Varatharajoo, K. D. R. (2017). Transformational leadership and its functionality in arts organization. International Journal of Business and Society, 18(S4), 710-717.

Alasiry, S. M., & Alkhaldi, F. S. (2024). Impact of nursing leadership styles on the staff turnover intention in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.70676

Allmendinger, J., & Hackman, J. R. (1996). Organizations in changing environments: The case of East German symphony orchestras. Administrative Science Quarterly, 337-369.

Awan, R. M., & Mahmood, K. (2010). Relationship among leadership style, organizational culture and employee commitment in university libraries. Library management, 31(4/5), 253-266.

Bothma, C.F.C., & Roodt, G. (2013). The validation of the turnover intention scale. SA Journal of Human Resource Management/SA Tydskrif vir Menslikehulpbronbestuur, 11(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ sajhrm.v11i1.507

Cho, Y., Jeong, S. H., Kim, H. S., & Kim, Y. M. (2022). Effects of Leadership Styles of Nursing Managers on Turnover Intention of Hospital Nurses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 52(5), 479. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22039

Chughtai, A., Byrne, M., & Flood, B. (2015). Linking ethical leadership to employee well-being: The role of trust in supervisor. Journal of Business Ethics, 128, 653-663.

Deraman, N., Nor, N. N. M., & Zainuddin, N. (2018). Transactional leadership style on turnover intention among electrical and electronic sub-sector employees in Malaysia. Journal of Technology and Operations Management, 13(1), 42-54.

Dwiana, F., Lumbanraja, P., & Harahap, R. H. (2024). The influence of work discipline on job satisfaction through work motivation in perumda tirtanadi employees. International Conference of Business and Social Sciences, 456–466. https://doi.org/10.24034/icobuss.v4i1.526

Eisenbeiss, S. A., Van Knippenberg, D., & Boerner, S. (2008). Transformational leadership and team innovation: Integrating team climate principles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1438–1446. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012716

Givens, R. J. (2008). Transformational leadership: The impact on organizational and personal outcomes. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 1(1), 4-24.

Hitt, M., Ireland, R. D., & Hoskisson, R. (2010). Strategic Management: Concepts: Competitiveness and Globalization. Cengage Learning.

Hom, P. W., & Kinicki, A. J. (2001). toward a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 975–987. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069441

Hughes, D. J., Lee, A., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Legood, A. (2018). Leadership, creativity, and innovation: A critical review and practical recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(5), 549-569.

Limsila, K., & Ogunlana, S. O. (2008). Performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and subordinate commitment. Engineering Construction & Architectural Management, 15(2), 164–184. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980810852682

Loquercio, D., Hammersley, M., & Emmens, B. (2006). Network Paper. Network.

Maaitah, A. M. (2018, August 29). The role of leadership style on turnover intention. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/view/6859

Northouse, P. G. (2021). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage Publications.

Pattali, S., Sankar, J. P., Qahtani, H. A., Menon, N., & Faizal, S. (2024). Effect of leadership styles on turnover intention among staff nurses in private hospitals: the moderating effect of perceived organizational support. BMC Health Services Research, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-10674-0

Pham, T. K. T., & Le, T. Q. H. T. N. (2023). Impacts of ethical leadership, innovative climate on project success: the role of innovative behavior and time pressure. Baltic Journal of Management, 19(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/bjm-01-2023-0001

Pieterse-Landman, E. (2012). The relationship between transformational leadership, employee engagement, job characteristics and intention to quit (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University).

Puni, A., Agyemang, C. B., & Asamoah, E. S. (2016). Leadership styles, employee turnover intentions and counterproductive work behaviors. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 5(1), 1-7.

Rehan, A., Thorpe, D., & Heravi, A. (2024). Project manager’s leadership behavioural practices – A systematic literature review. Asia Pacific Management Review, 29(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2023.12.005

Ru, L., & Ibrahim, H. (2024). Relationships between leadership style, career development, work stress, and turnover intention in a high-tech industry: Moderating role of psychological contract. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(4), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(4).2024.20

Sakti, S. H., Ikhsan, M., Pranogyo, A. B., Abdoellah, M. N., & Zabidi, I. (2024). The influence of leadership style, job stress, and job satisfaction on employee turnover intention level. Deleted Journal, 1(4), 224–230. https://doi.org/10.55324/jgi.v1i4.38

Setiawan, I. G. A., Nurtrisnawati, N., & Sheidu, C. F. (2024). Impact of leadership styles on employees’ performance. International Journal of Economics and Management Review, 2(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.58765/ijemr.v2i1.126

Shi, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, T. T., Cao, B., Wang, H., Zhuo, C., Ye, F., Su, X., Fan, H., Xu, J. F., Zhang, J., Lai, G. X., She, D. Y., Zhang, X. Y., He, B., He, L. X., Liu, Y. N., & Qu, J. M. (2019). Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults (2018 Edition). Journal of Thoracic Disease, 11(6), 2581–2616. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2019.06.09

Trepte, S., & Loy, L. S. (2017). Social identity theory and self-categorization theory. The international encyclopedia of media effects, 63, 1-13.

Voon, M. L., Lo, M. C., Ngui, K. S., & Ayob, N. B. (2011). The influence of leadership styles on employees’ job satisfaction in public sector organizations in Malaysia. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences, 2(1), 24-32.

Published

2025-03-30

How to Cite

Fayyaz, S. ., & Majeed, S. . (2025). Influence of Leadership Styles on Turnover Intentions in Technology Startups. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 6(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v6i1.348