Unraveling Demographic Profile and Individual Dynamics of Juvenile Delinquents - A Mixed Method Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v5i3.313Keywords:
Delinquents, Justice System, Juvenile, Narratives, PakistanAbstract
The previous studies have implied that socio-economic, personality and societal factors play a key role in the development as well as deterrence from delinquency. The present article is based on two studies from a bigger research project that investigated psychological, social and demographic characteristics associated with juvenile delinquency in Pakistan. The first study analyzed the archival data with the purpose of obtaining some basic demographics of reported delinquent cases in Punjab and compare first time offenders with repeat offenders. Archival data indicated that low income, single parenthood, crime accomplices, crime history and lack of formal schooling were common features of majority of reported cases. The t-test analyses showed significant difference in education and age and no difference in income between repeat offenders and first time offenders. The second study was based on in-depth interviews with 6 individuals, revealed an outplay of similar demographics. Content analysis showed that the juvenile delinquents lived in single parent families, with inadequate supervision, demonstrated defiant behavior, desire for lavish life style, association with deviant peers, poverty, and school dropout. Absence of ethical friends and poor religious education also featured as one of the sub-themes from interviews. Based on these two studies, a model is suggested for further investigation. The findings are discussed in light of previous research as well as theoretical perspectives. Implications of these findings are outlined for policy makers, social agencies, educators and parents.
References
Abbas, F., Chughtai, A. M., & Hussain, R. (2022). Juvenile justice system in Pakistan: Challenges and reforms. Journal of Criminal Justice Studies, 45(3), 245-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v3.01.8(22)76-92
Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30,47-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
Ahmed, S., Barech, N., & Farooq, M. (2020). The impact of family environment and gang affiliation on violent juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminology and Forensic Studies, 12(4), 190-205.
Bandura, A. J. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2014). Juvenile delinquency and justice: A psychological approach. Pearson.
Brown, W., & Jennings, W. G. (2014). A replication and an honor-based extension of Hirschi’s reconceptualization of self-control theory and crime and analogous behaviors. Deviant Behavior, 35, 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2013.848114
Farrington, D. P. (2003). Developmental and life?course criminology: Key theoretical and empirical issues?the 2002 Sutherland Award address. Criminology, 41(2), 221-225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00987.x
Farrington, D. P. (2010). Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: Key findings from longitudinal studies. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(10), 633-642. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511730290.047
Farrington, D. P., Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G; Jolliffe, D. (2023). Offending from childhood to late middle age: Recent results from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Springer Nature.
Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2010). Preventing delinquency and later criminal offending. In J. M. Brown & E. A. Campbell (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of forensic psychology (pp. 376–383). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511730290.047
Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. T. (1934). One thousand juvenile delinquents. Harvard University Press.
Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. (1950). Unravelling Juvenile delinquency. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gupta, M. K., Mohapatra, S., & Mahanta, P. K. (2022). Juvenile’s delinquent behavior, risk factors, and quantitative assessment approach: A systematic review. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 47(4), 483-490. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_1061_21
Hanson, C. L., Henggeler, S. W., Haefele, W. F., & Rodick, J. D. (1984). Demographic, individual, and family relationship correlates of serious and repeated crime among adolescents and their siblings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52(4), 528. DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.52.4.528
Idrees, W. M. (2022). Juvenile delinquency: Why minors turn into monsters. International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly and Disabled, 17, 48-58.
Iqbal, K. (2009). Judging Juvenility: Determination of age of Juvenile Offenders under Pakistan's Juvenile Justice System. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 1(3), 105-118.
Irfan, A., & Rafique, R. (2022). Mental Health and Criminological Profile of Juvenile Recidivists: An Indigenous Exploration of Juvenile Recidivism in Punjab Prisons. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology, 3(2), 230-240. https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v3i2.107
Jurczyk, M., & Lalak, D. (2020). Aggressive and delinquent behavior among youth: An empirical study in Poland. Violence and Gender, 7(4), 188–199. DOI:10.1089/vio.2019.0065
Kausar, A. (2017). Parental supervision and its role in preventing juvenile delinquency. Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 98-115.
Khan, M., Raheed, A., & Hussain, S. (2021). Financial pressures and their impact on criminal behavior: A socio-economic analysis. Journal of Social Issues, 45(2), 123-140.
Kubrin, C. E., & Mioduszewski, M. D. (2019). Social disorganization theory: past, present and future. Handbook on crime and deviance, 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3_11
Kupchik, A. (2007). The correctional experiences of youth in adult and juvenile prisons. Justice Quarterly, 24(2), 247-270. doi:10.1080/07418820701294805
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (1988). Unraveling families and delinquency: A re-analysis of the Gluecks’data.Criminology,26(3), 355-380.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-
Lemert, E. M. (1967). Human deviance, social problems, and social control. Prentice-Hall.
Malik, N., & Shirazi, S. (2010). An analysis of juvenile delinquency in Pakistan. Asian Journal of Social Science, 38(2), 112-128.
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674-701.
Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Life-course-persistent versus adolescence-limited antisocial behavior. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental Psychopathology, (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 570-598). Wiley.
Mohammad, T., and Nooraini, I. (2021). Routine activity theory and juvenile delinquency: the roles of peers and family monitoring among Malaysian adolescents. Child Youth Services Review, 121, 105795. DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105795
Moore, A., Silberg, J., Roberson-Nay, R. & Mezuk, B. (2017). Life course persistent and adolescence limited conduct disorder in a nationally representative US sample: Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1337-5
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2001). Juvenile crime, juvenile justice. National Academy Press.
Panezai, S., Panezai, H., Wassan, A. A., & Saqib, S. E. (2019). Exploring juveniles’ delinquent behavior and associated factors: A cross-country comparison of Pakistan and Thailand. Journal of Geography and Social Sciences, 1(1), 57-71.
Qazi, S., & Khan, A. S. (2022). Juvenile delinquency, age of majority, and protecting juvenile rights in Peshawar: A legal analysis. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 5(4), 494. https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v5i4.692
Robert, A. (2018). Stability and change in crime over the life course: a strain theory explanation. In: Developmental theories of crime and delinquency, Ed. T. Thornberry (London: Routledge), pp. 101–132.
Shader, M. (2001). Risk factors for delinquency: An overview. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Shagufta, S., Ahmed, R., Khan, M., & Ali, S. (2015). Economic realities and juvenile delinquency: A regional study. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(3), 250-267. DOI: 10.1108/JFP-08-2014-0026.
Shah, M., Khan, A., Ali, S., & Hussain, M. (2020). The impact of socio-economic factors on juvenile delinquency in Pakistan. International Journal of Law and Society, 9(1), 50-65.
Shehzad, S., &, Perveen, K. K. (2010). A sociological analysis of juvenile delinquency with special focus on Pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 49(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v49i1.259
Sidra, G., Afzal, D. S., Ahmad Gillani, S. M., Farah, N., & Sial, M. A. (2023). Relationship between Parental Supervision and Juvenile Delinquency: A Qualitative Study of South Punjab Pakistan. VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences, 11(2), 76–83. https://doi.org/10.21015/vtess.v11i2.1549
Tolan, P. H., Henry, D. B., Schoeny, M.S., Lovegrove, P, & Nichols E. (2013) Mentoring Programs to Affect Delinquency and Associated Outcomes of Youth At-Risk: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(2), 179-206.
doi: 10.1007/s11292-013-9181-4
Tolan, P. H., & Thomas, P. (1995). The implications of age of onset for delinquency risk II: Longitudinal data. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(2), 157–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01447087
Umair, A., & Murtaza, A. (2016). Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency in Punjab, Pakistan: A Case Study Conducted at Juvenile Prisons in Punjab Province. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4p372
Warr, M. (2002). Applying Peer Explanations of Delinquency. In: Companions in Crime: The Social Aspects of Criminal Conduct. Cambridge Studies in Criminology. Cambridge University Press; 91-118.
Xu, S., Yu, J., & Hu. Y. (2023). Formation mechanism and prediction model of juvenile delinquency. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1087368. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1087368
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Farrukh Iqbal, Naumana Amjad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (https://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-Commercial use, reproduction
and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the Journal website at (https://iprpk.com/ojs/index.php/jpap)