Experience of Death-Related Trauma in Women: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v3i4.127Keywords:
Trauma of Death, Socio-emotional Responses, Women, Relationships Issues, StigmatizationAbstract
The trauma related to death is always an intense emotional and psychological experience that tend to shake the stability of life. Through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), this study explored the experience and expression of trauma related to the death of a close family member in women. A sample of 5 women of age ranging from 22 to 30 years were targeted and information was collected through a semi-structured interview. The superordinate themes emerged as Socio-emotional responses to trauma, and sub-ordinated themes were Stigmatization, Resistance, Emotional Difficulties, Unstable Relationships, Fear of Being Exploited, Economic Difficulties and Social Withdrawal. This study helps to understand reactions to death in the cultural context of trauma counseling and early intervention services.
References
Abdulmalik, J., Nwefoh, E., Obindo, J., Dakwak, S., Ayobola, M., Umaru, J., Samuel, E., Ogoshi, C., & Eaton, J. (2018). Emotional difficulties and experiences of stigma among persons with lymphatic filariasis in Plateau State, Nigeria. Health and Human Rights, 20(1), 27-40.
Abraham, E., & Feldman, R. (2022). The Neural Basis of Human Fatherhood: A Unique Biocultural Perspective on Plasticity of Brain and Behavior. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 25 (1), 93–109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00381-9
Akbari, M., Hosseini, Z. S., Seydavi, M., Zegel, M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2022). Distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 51(1), 42-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2021.1942541
Alase, A. (2017). The interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): A guide to a good qualitative research approach. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 5(2), 9-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2p.9
Alhuzail, N. A., & Grodofsky, M. M. (2021). Sudden violent death: social workers’ strategies for coping with a traumatic event in a Bedouin community. The British Journal of Social Work, 51(3), 1101-1118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab056
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Auxemery, Y. (2018). Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. The Medical Press, 47(5), 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2017.12.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2017.12.006
Bibi, A., & Khalid, M. A. (2020). Death anxiety, perceived social support, and demographic correlates of patients with breast cancer in Pakistan. Death Studies, 44(12), 787-792. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1614108
Birkeland, M. S., Skar, A. M. S., & Jensen, T. K. (2021). Do different traumatic events invoke different kinds of post-traumatic stress symptoms?. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(sup1), 1866399. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1866399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1866399
Bryant, R. A. (2019). Post?traumatic stress disorder: a state?of?the?art review of evidence and challenges. World Psychiatry, 18(3), 259-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20656
Cabanis, M., Outadi, A., & Choi, F. (2021). Early childhood trauma, substance use and complex concurrent disorders among adolescents. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 34(4), 393-399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000718
Captari, L. E., Shannonhouse, L., Aten, J. D., & Snyder, J. D. (2023). Building spiritual fortitude and resilience following disaster: Synthesizing the contributions of positive psychology and religion/spirituality. In Handbook of Positive Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality (pp. 475-490). Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_30
Dashbolagh, H. J., Hemmati, B., & Janghoo, E. (2020). Comparison of cognitive-emotional flexibility and death anxiety in people with and without traumatic experience. Journal of Research in Psychopathology, 1(3), 41-47.
Delker, B. C., Salton, R., McLean, K. C., & Syed, M. (2020). Who has to tell their trauma story and how hard will it be? Influence of cultural stigma and narrative redemption on the storying of sexual violence. PloS One, 15(6), e0234201. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234201
Dingus, D., Eckert, M., Ridge, N., & Jeon, S. (2022). The Influence of Father Involvement on Their Children’s Self-Esteem in the Arab World. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 53(1), 104-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs-2021-0081
Faustino, B., & Vasco, A. B. (2020). Relationships between emotional processing difficulties and early maladaptive schemas on the regulation of psychological needs. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(6), 804-813. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2464
Fauziah, L., Lestari, H., Yuniningsih, T., & Nisa, H. N. A. (2022). Women's Role: Between Opportunities and Challenges in Business in the Era of The Industrial Revolution 4.0. Jurnal Kebijakan dan Manajemen Publik-JKMP, 10(1), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.21070/jkmp.v10i1.1680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21070/jkmp.v10i1.1680
Ferrario, S. R., Panzeri, A., Anselmi, P., & Vidotto, G. (2019). Development and psychometric properties of a short form of the illness denial questionnaire. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 727-739. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S207622 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S207622
Galletta, A. (2013). Mastering the semi-structured interview and beyond. New York. University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814732939.001.0001
Geoffrion, S., Goncalves, J., Robichaud, I., Sader, J., Giguere, C. E., Fortin, M., Lamothe, J., Bernard, P., & Guay, S. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis on acute stress disorder: rates following different types of traumatic events. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(1), 213-223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020933844
Granek, L., & Peleg-Sagy, T. (2017). The use of pathological grief outcomes in bereavement studies on African Americans. Transcultural Psychiatry, 54(3), 384-399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461517708121
Granski, M., Javdani, S., Sichel, C. E., & Rentko, M. (2020). Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Self-Silencing, Trauma, and Mental Health Among Juvenile Legal System-Involved Youth. Feminist Criminology, 15(5), 545-566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085120955234
Gray, M. J., Litz, B. T., Hsu, J. L., & Lombardo, T. W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment,11(4), 330-341.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5922.12357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104269954
Ikizer, E. G., Ramírez-Esparza, N., & Quinn, D. M. (2018). Culture and concealable stigmatized identities: Examining anticipated stigma in the United States and Turkey. Stigma and Health, 3(2), 152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000082
Kastenbaum, R., & Moreman, C. M. (2018). Death, society, and human experience. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315232058
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., Degenhardt, L., Girolam, G., Dinolova, R. V., Ferry, F., Florescu, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Lepine, J . P., Levinson, D., Navarro-Mateu, F., Pennell, B. E., Piazza, M.,…. & Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup5),1-7.https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
Khawaja, S., & Khawaja, N. G. (2019). Coping with loss and bereavement: An Islamic perspective. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 48(1), 10-12.
Kokosalakis, N. (2020). Reflections on Death in Philosophical/Existential Context. Society, 57(4), 402-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-020-00503-5
Kopel, J., & Webb, M. (2022). Near-Death Experiences and Religious Experience: An Exploration of Spirituality in Medicine. Religions, 13(2), 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13020156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13020156
Körner, A., Moritz, S., & Deutsch, R. (2020). Dissecting dispositionality: distance increases stability of attribution. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4), 446-453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877856
Kumari, S. (2021). Understanding of Stigmatization and Death amid COVID-19 in India: A Sociological Exploration. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying,0(0), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211008753 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211008753
Laurence, A. (2020). Godly grief: Individual responses to death in seventeenth-century Britain. In Death, Ritual, and Bereavement (pp. 62-76). Routledge DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003005209-4
Lipowska, M., Truong Thi Khanh, H., Lipowski, M., Ró?ycka-Tran, J., Bidzan, M., & Ha, T. T. (2019). The Body as an Object of Stigmatization in Cultures of Guilt and Shame: A Polish–Vietnamese Comparison. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16), 2814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162814
Lizza, J. P. (2018). Defining death: beyond biology. Diametros, (55), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.13153/diam.1172
Lopatkova, I. V., Serykh, A. B., Miroshkin, D. V., Shcherbakova, O. I., Kochetkov, I. G., Deberdeeva, N. A., & Diatlova, E. V. (2018). The interrelation of post-trauma stress disorders with reactive and personal anxiety. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 15(6). 1-10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/99828
Marchi, R. M. (2022). Day of the Dead in the USA: The Migration and Transformation of a Cultural Phenomenon. Rutgers University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813548579
Masi, G., Berloffa, S., Milone, A., & Brovedani, P. (2021). Social withdrawal and gender differences: Clinical phenotypes and biological bases. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24802 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24802
Mehta, K., Arega, H., Smith, N. L., Li, K., Gause, E., Lee, J., & Stewart, B. (2022). Gender-based disparities in burn injuries, care and outcomes: A World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burn Registry cohort study. The American Journal of Surgery, 223(1), 157-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.07.041
Michaud, A. (2020). Attitudes Toward Death: How Buddhist Teachings Help a Person Cope with Death Anxiety and Accept Death. Mindfulness Studies Theses. 26. https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/mindfulness_theses/26
Moutousi, O., & May, D. (2018). How change-related unethical leadership triggers follower resistance to change: A theoretical account and conceptual model. Journal of Change Management, 18(2), 142-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2018.1446695
Pineles, S. L., Hall, K. A. A., & Rasmusson, A. M. (2017). Gender and PTSD: different pathways to a similar phenotype. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14(1), 44-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.11.002
Raudales, A. M., Darosh, A. G., Contractor, A. A., Schatten, H. T., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., & Weiss, N. H. (2021). Positive Emotion Dysregulation Identifies Trauma-Exposed Community Individuals at Risk for Suicide and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 209(6), 434-442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001316
Rupp, L. J. (2022). Worlds of women. In Worlds of Women. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691221816 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691221816
Russell, J. (2017). 'Everything has to die one day:'children’s explorations of the meanings of death in human-animal-nature relationships. Environmental Education Research, 23(1), 75-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1144175
Schweiker. W. (2022). Encyclopedia of Religious Ethics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9781118499528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118499528
Silove, D., Baker, J. R., Mohsin, M., Teesson, M., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Carragher, N., Slade, T., Mills, K., Bryant, R., McFarlane, A., Steel, Z., Felmingham, K., & Rees, S. (2017). The contribution of gender-based violence and network trauma to gender differences in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. PLoS One, 12(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171879
Smith, J. A., & Fieldsend, M. (2021). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In P. M. Camic (Ed.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 147–166). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000252-008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0000252-008
Sultana, I., Tahseen, F., Arif, S., Khan, H. M., Mushtaq, S., & Akram, M. (2022). Women from Islamic Perspective And Pakistani Women's Role In Politics. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(7), 2401-2408.
Truog, R. D. (2018). Defining death—Making sense of the case of Jahi McMath. Journal of American Medical Association, 319(18), 1859-1860. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3441
Truog, R. D., Krishnamurthy, K., & Tasker, R. C. (2020). Brain death—moving beyond consistency in the diagnostic criteria. Journal of American Medical Association, 324(11), 1045-1047. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.11665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.11665
Wang, Y., Tang, S., Hu, X., Qin, C., Khoshnood, K., & Sun, M. (2020). Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Death Among Chinese College Students and the Implications for Death Education Courses. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 58(1).https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820934944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820934944
Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) – Extended. http://www.ptsd.va.gov
Werner, R. A., Derlin, T., & Bengel, F. M. (2020). Personalized prediction of mode of cardiac death in heart failure using supervised machine learning in the context of cardiac innervation imaging. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology. ttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-020-02215-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-020-02215-z
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Samia Rani, Sadia Saleem , Sara Subhan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License (https://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-Commercial use, reproduction
and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the Journal website at (https://iprpk.com/ojs/index.php/jpap)